Equipment |
Effect of Under - Voltage |
Effect of Over - Voltage |
Semi-Conductors Microprocessors |
Malfunctions if operated at voltages below designed minimum voltage |
Failure if operated at voltages above designed maximum voltages |
Electron Tubes |
10% drop in cathode voltage reduces cathode emission by 40% |
5% increase in cathode voltage reduces tube life by 50% |
Rectifier loads ( platters battery charges, welding equipment etc) |
At 10% under - voltage plating rate drops by 20% charging rate drops by 25% and welding time increases by 20% |
Excessive heat generated produces
poor welds, can reduce rectifier life |
Magnetic devices solenoid
clutches, brakes, clamps motor starters etc. |
At 10% under
voltage solenoids take 20% longer to actuate. |
Causes excessive mechanical wear and distortion of surfaces |
